Concept And Definition Of Job Analysis Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 16 Words: 4900 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Career Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Job analysis refers to the process of examining a job to identify different components of it and circumstances in which it is to be performed. It is a basic human resource tool in the sense, it is imperative on the part of every individual to have an adequate understanding of the jobs assigned to them and also the relative job differentials in terms of their level of difficulty, responsibility, knowledge and skills. Job Analysis study and collect information relating to job operations and responsibilities associated with a specific job. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Concept And Definition Of Job Analysis Business Essay" essay for you Create order Sufficient information and adequate documentation on job Analysis, job Description and job Evaluation are important prerequisites for effective HRP in an organisation. All these processes help in identifying job requirements by suitably describing the job and job families, skill sets, skill mapping and developing skill inventories in an organization. In HRP, these factors serve as critical determinant factors to decide about manpower requirements to meet present and future needs. Therefore studying and under-standing jobs through job Analysis are vital part of any HRM program. Job Analysis is helpful to put right man on right job. Moreover, Job Analysis information is significant to prepare job descriptions and job specifications that are utilized in designing organisation structure, devise proper recruitment and selection method, compensation administration, better performance appraisal, and adequate training and development facilities, proper career path counselling, maintaining he alth and safety conditions as well as in improving labour relations in an organisation. It also helps in discovering the unassigned duty if any. CONCEPT AND DEFINITION OF JOB ANALYSIS According to Harry L. Wylie, Job Analysis deals with job anatomy. It requires complete study of the job and its embodying and determinable factors, including duties and responsibilities involved in job performance along with the job conditions under which performance is carried on. It also analyses the nature of the task, the qualifications of the workers, and the conditions of employment such as pay, working hours, opportunities and privileges of the job. According to C. Harold and William E. Kendall, Job Analysis is a systematic procedure for securing and reporting information defining a particular job. According to Dale Yoder, A Job is collection of duties, tasks and responsibilities, assigned to an individual and which is different from other assignment. Edwin B. Flippo defined Job Analysis as the process of studying and collecting information relating to the operations and responsibilities of a specific job. According to Michael J. Jucius, Job Analysis refers to th e process of studying the operations, duties and organisational aspects of jobs in order to derive specification or job description . According to Blum, A job Analysis is an accurate study of the various job components. It is concerned not only with an analysis of the duties and conditions of work, but also with the individual qualifications of the worker. As defined by John A Shubin Job Analysis is the methodical compilation and study of work data in order to define and characterise each occupation in such a manner so as to distinguish it from all others. In the words of Scott, Clothier and Spriegel, Job Analysis is the process of critically evaluating the operations, duties and relationship of the job. Job Analysis is the systematic process of collecting and making judgments about all the important information related to a job. Job Analysis is the procedure through which one determines the duties and nature of the jobs. It also determines the kinds of people who should be hired for those jobs. General purpose of job Analysis is to document the requirements of a job and the work performed. Moreover job Analysis is fundamental to the preparation of job specification and description. Objectives of job Analysis: Work simplification: Job Analysis provides the information related to job which can be used to make the job or the process simple. Work simplification refers to fragmenting the job into small parts i.e. different operations in a product line or process with the objective of improving the production or job performance. For setting standards: Standard refers to minimum acceptable qualities or results or performance or rewards regarding a particular job. Job Analysis provides the information about the job which can be used to set standards for each job category. Support to personnel activities: Job Analysis information provides support to various personnel activities like recruitment, selection, training and development, wage administration, performance appraisal etc. Situations under which Job Analysis is conducted: these are the various scenarios in which Job analysis is conducted. When the organization is founded When organizations are created complete information ab out the jobs to be performed When new jobs are created When jobs are changed significantly due to adoption of new technologies or change in methods, procedures, or systems. Steps in Job Analysis The process of job Analysis is essentially involves collecting job related data then analyzing it. The analyst provide the data related to job identification, nature of the job, materials and equipments to be used in performing the job and job relations with other jobs, time and place of accomplishment and so on and so forth. The steps involved in job Analysis are as follows: Planning and organizing of Programme: The first step is to plan and organize the Job Analysis programme. A person is designated as in-charge of programme and required degree of authority and responsibility is assigned to him. Schedule of the programme and budget estimation is prepared. Obtaining current information: Information on current job design is collected with the study of job description, job specification, process used, manuals and organisation flow charts and is reviewed, verified and confirmed with job incumbents. Conducting research: The analyst determines that which manager or department requires the job Analysis. Purpose of the job Analysis is determined, extent to which job analysis is to be done is decided and how the information will be used concluded. Establishing priorities: Identification and priorities of the jobs to be analyzed should be established by the executives of human resource department and with the help of various executives of the related departments. Collecting Job Data: The next step is to collect the data of the selected job for the analysis as they are being performed in the organisation at present. The job is analysed by collecting data on job activities in the context of required employees behaviour, required working conditions, and human traits and abilities needed to perform the job. Preparing Job Description: job descriptions are prepared by using information obtained from job Analysis. It states the full information of job including working conditions, nature of job, processes used machines and materials used for the job. De veloping Job Specification: Job Specifications are developed using information given in job description. Job specification is statement regarding human qualities that are required for a particular job. Such information is used to select the person matching the requirements of the job. Job Analysis outcomes are as follows: Job Description Job description is a broad statement of the purpose, duties and responsibilities of a job or position. A job description is based on a detailed job analysis and usually summarises the essential information gathered through job analysis. It describes the main tasks and responsibilities of the job clearly and concisely in order to facilitate the systematic comparison of jobs for evaluation purposes. The kind of information and amount of details contained in the job descriptions depend on the job evaluation plan to be used. Job Description is snapshot of a job. Current and accurate job Descriptions maximizes employee effectiveness and productivity as it outlines the positions responsibilities and accountabilities. Job Descriptions clearly and concisely communicate what the job entails. In addition, job Descriptions help in attracting and retaining the best talent as it shows that a company is organized, well-run, and fair. Job Descriptions promote responsibility; improve morale and th e corporate image. Job Description is a written statement of what the job holder actually does. It also states how he does it, and the conditions under which the job is performed. To write job description, no standard format is there. The factual statements of job contents are organised to describe the duties and responsibilities of a specific job. Job description depicts the nature and type of job in brief and usually includes: Title/ Designation of job and job location in the concern Job summary and achievable results The nature of duties of job and operations need to be performed Authority- responsibility relationships of the job Main tasks of job and standard to be achieved Terms and conditions of job including salary, hours of work, leave, etc Limits of discretion i.e budgetary responsibilities Necessary qualifications required for job. Combination, co-relation and relationship of that particular job with that of other jobs in a concern. Specificat ion of machines, tools, materials and their applications. The provision of physical working conditions and the necessary work environment that is required in performance of that job. Job Specification Job specifications usually involve a listing of the personal qualifications regarded as necessary for satisfactory performance. Job specifications are mainly used in selecting and recruiting staff and are accordingly not essential for job evaluations. But certain personal attributes, such as experience, education and aptitude, may occur in both in job description as well as in job specification. Many job evaluation plans accordingly use job specifications to complement job description. Job Specification describes the desired attributes of the person doing the job. It is a statement which tells minimum acceptable human qualities that helps to perform a job. Such requirements are usually established for individual jobs on the basis of judgments made by staff analysts, but in some instances they are based upon statistical validation procedures. Job Specification translates the job description into required necessary human qualifications that helps in hiring of appropriate persons f or appropriate positions to perform the job in optimum way. The contents are: Necessary educational qualifications and experiences for job title Necessary physical factors and other related attributes Physique and mental health of the person Special characteristics and abilities Interpersonal skills Maturity and dependability Family background Work-output job context and other job characteristics Job Specification should be used as a guideline to the knowledge, skills and aptitudes required to perform a specific job. Job Analysis, job Description and job Specification, together form the basis of recruitment, selection and placements of persons in an organisation. Methods of Job Analysis / Data collection techniques Different organizations use different methods to collect job information and conduct job Analysis. Some of these methods are as follows: Personal observation: In this method an observer is very keen to observe the concerned individuals while performing a job and makes an extensive list of the duties performed by the workers and the qualities required to perform those duties. Job analysis is prepared on the basis of the collected information. This method is very useful in some cases, but under certain conditions it does not work or becomes more difficult. In case of jobs in which some elements of the complete job cycle occur at infrequent or unpredictable intervals. For example, by simply observing an assembly line worker may not reveal his monthly inventory duty which is very much integral part of the job. Actual performance of the job: In this method, the person in charge of preparing the job analysis actually performs the work himself. While performing the job, he gets the clear idea of the required skills, the levelof difficulty associated with the job, the efforts required to complete the job and so on and so forth. Interview method: In this method an interview is conducted of the employees who are performing the job or the supervisor or both. The interview is conducted by group of experts. They ask questions related to various aspects of job, skill levels required, and difficulty levels associated with the job. They put questions and cross questions to collect job related information. Job analysis is prepared, based on the collected information. This technique may be time consuming, and the performers of the job may exaggerate the importance of their jobs. In addition, certain important elements of the job may be missed both by the interviewer and persons interviewed because of its infrequent occurrence. For example an assembly line worker may also be required to do inventory supplies on a monthly basis. Although this responsibility may be extre mely important, it may be overlooked during the interview since it occurs on an infrequent basis. Critical incident method: In this method of job analysis, the employees are asked to write one or more critical incidents they have encountered while performing the job. These incidents give ideas about the problem associated with the job, the level of difficulty, how to handle it, qualities required to deal with the incidents and so on and so forth. Critical incident method focuses on the importance of job. Questionnaires method: Questionnaires method is the least costly method of collecting Job analysis data. A well designed set of questionnaires is considered to be the most efficient way of collecting a wide range of job data and information in a short period of time. In this method a set of questionnaire is supplied to the employees and they are asked to put their remark. The questionnaire may be comprised of multiple choice questions or open ended questions or both. The job A nalysis is done from the information collected out of it. However, the danger in this method is that, many of the respondents may not complete the questionnaire. They may complete it inaccurately, or may take excessively long time to return it. Although questionnaire is less expensive than interviewing, sometimes questionnaires contain the same problem of providing incomplete information and inaccurate in describing the actual tasks performed. However, it is considered as an effective method because of the simple logic that people generally hesitate to put anything irrelevant in writing and would think twice before doing so. The Position analysis questionnaire (PAQ): Quantification of the process of job Analysis has gained momentum in recent years. One such technique utilising a structured questionnaire is the position analysis questionnaire (PAQ). It was developed in the early 1970s through the efforts of McCormick and others. It consists of 194 job elements of a work-oriented n ature which are divided into six major categories. The job elements are normally rated by the analyst on a scale of 0 to 5. Major drawbacks of the use of the PAQ involve its length and the high level vocabulary and complicated scoring requirements. Log Records/Daily Diary: Some companies require their employees to prepare and maintain log records or daily diary. A log record is a book in which an employee records and writes all the activities performed by him while performing the job. These records mention the daily activities of job along with the activities that are performed at infrequent intervals. On the basis of the information collected from the record book Job Analysis is done. Since extensive records are maintained, it provides a fair idea about the duties and responsibilities associated with any job. HRD record: HR department prepare and maintain records of each and every employee. The records contain details about educational qualification, job title, years of ex perience, duties handled, any mistakes committed in the past and if any actions taken. It also includes number of promotions received by employees, their area of work and as well as their core competency etc. Based on these records job analysis is done. Managerial Job Analysis: The nature of managerial job is different from the jobs that are clearly observable and measurable with some routines and procedures. For which some specialized methods have evolved for managerial job analysis. One of the most well known and widely used methods for managerial job analysis is Management Position Description Questionnaire (MPDQ). It was developed at Control Data Corporation. This is composed of a listing of over 200 job statements. The MPDQ incorporates a wide variety of managerial dimensions, including decision making skill and supervising skill. Computerized Job Analysis: With the growth of the information communication technology, researchers have developed computerized job analysis sy stems. An important feature of computerized job Analysis is the specificity of data. All of this specific data is compiled together to form a Job analysis database. A computerized job analysis system takes less time and effort in writing job descriptions. Computerised job Analysis methodology helps to develop more accurate and comprehensive job descriptions, linked with compensation programs of the organisation along with performance appraisal systems. It also helps in better compliance of legal requirements. Combination Methods: There could be a number of different ways to study, analyze and obtain job related information. Each method has its own strength and weaknesses. Therefore, to overcome the weaknesses, generally, a combination of methods is preferred over one method alone. Benefits of Job Analysis Organizational structure and design: Job Analysis data guides in preparing the organization chart and designing the organizational structure. It helps in Job classification and establishes relation of each job with one another. It also determines various positions and hierarchy of the positions to avoid overlapping of authority- responsibility relationship and distortion in chain of command. Man power planning: Qualitative dimensions of the jobs are determined by Job Analysis. Job analysis exercise expresses the job demands in terms of duties to be performed along with the qualification and personal skills required in the employees. Therefore, Job analysis as a tool can be used for matching jobs with available personnel. Recruitment and Selection: Job Analysis helps in hiring future human resources of an organisation. Job Description and job Specification provides necessary information that helps in recruiting and selecting the right kind of people for the available jobs. Training and Development: Based on the requirements of job, training needs identification of the concerned persons can be done easily and training can be provided in those specific areas which will help to improve the job performance. Job Evaluation: Job analysis helps in job evaluation. Information regarding the level of difficulty, skills level, qualities required to perform the job are obtained from job analysis data to establish relative worth of different jobs. Promotions and Transfer: An employee gets promotion, on the basis of the skill and talent he must have to take future job responsibility. Similarly when an employee gets transfer the new job must be very similar to that of his previous job. To take all these decisions the information is collected from job Analysis. Performance Appraisal: Actual performance of the employees are measured and compared to the standard set by organisation to take decision on the activities like promotion, increments, incentives or corrective actions to enhance job performance. By using information provided by job analysis, these standards are set. Career path planning and Employee counselling: Many companies are not concern for career planning of their employees. The purpose of employee counselling is basically restricted to prevent the employees from leaving the company. Job Analysis data can be used to inform employees about the limitations of jobs in terms of development. Again they can be guided to take required steps for their improvement for future development and better career options. Health and safety: -Job Analysis points out the risk factor associated with a particular job and thus the action required for the safety of the employees can be taken. Unsafe operations can be eliminated or can be replaced by safe one or the safety equipments can be installed. Labour relations: When companies plan to add extra duties or remove certain duties from a job, they require the help of job Analysis , when this activity is systematically done using job Analysis, it does not affect adversely to the union members and do not hamper labour relations. Acceptance of job offer: Appointment letters of the job offer issued by any organisation always mention the duties to be performed. This information is collected from job analysis. Discovering Unassigned Duties: Proper job analysis may reveal unassigned duties if any. However, the end result of job Analysis is effectiveness and efficiency in term of doing the right thing and doing it rightly and respectively. The underlying motive at the long run is increase in companys profitability, productivity and sustainability. Job Evaluation Job Evaluation is the process of analyzing and assessing various jobs systematically to ascertain their relative worth in an organization. Job Evaluation means systematically determining relative worth of jobs to create job structure and to develop job hierarchy. In Job Evaluation process the relative worth of job is identified based upon job comparability. According to relative worth, importance of job and relative value compensation is designed and selected. Hence it involves determination of relative worth of each job for the purpose of establishing wage and salary differentials. Basically, relative worth is determined on the basis of Job Description and Job Specification. Job Evaluation helps to determine wages and salary grades for all jobs. Employees need to be compensated depending on the grades of jobs they perform. Remuneration must be based on the relative worth of each job. Ignoring this basic principle arrives at inequitable compensation practice. A perception of inequi ty is a sure way of de-motivating an employee and a profound ill effect on employees morale. According to Alford and Beatty, Job Evaluation is the application of the job Analysis technique to the qualitative measurement of relative job worth, for the purpose of establishing consistent wage rate differentials by objective means. It measures the differences between jobs on the job requirements, and establishes the differential numerically (job rating), so that it can be converted to wage rate after the wage level is determined. According to Kimball and Kimball Jr., Job Evaluation represents an effort to determine the relative value of every job in a plant and to determine what the fair basic wage for such a job should be. According to Bethel, Atwater and Smith et at, Job Evaluation as a personal term has both a specific and genetic meaning specifically, it means job rating or the grading of occupations in terms of duties, generally it means the entire field of wages and salar y administration along modern lines. Edwin B. Flippo defines. Job Evaluation is a systematic and orderly process of determining the worth of a job in relation to other jobs. In the words of Maurice B. Cumming, Job Evaluation is a technique of assessing the worth of a job in comparison with all other jobs throughout an organisation. According to Scott, Clothier and Spriegel, Job Evaluation or job rating is the operation of evaluating a particular job in relation to other jobs either within or outside the organisation. According to International Labour Organisation, Job Evaluation may be defined as an attempt to determine and compare the demands which the normal performance of particular job makes on normal workers without taking into account of the individual abilities or performance of the workers concerned. In the words of Dale Yoder, Job Evaluation is a practice which seeks to provide a degree of objectivity in measuring the comparative value of jobs within an organisa tion and among similar organisations. In the words of John A. Shubin, Job Evaluation is a systematic procedure for measuring the relative value and importance of an occupation on the basis of their common factor (skill, training, efforts) for the purpose of determining wages and salary differentials. According to Bureau of Labour Statistics, Job Evaluation is the evaluation or rating of job to determine their position in job hierarchy. The evaluation may be achievement through assignment of points or the use of some other systematic rating method for essential job requirements such as skill, experience and responsibility. Features of Job Evaluation The primary objective of job Evaluation is to find out the value of work, but this is a value which varies from time to time and from place to place under the influence of certain economic pressure. The main features of job Evaluations are as follows: It attempts to assess jobs, not people. Job Evaluation is the output provided by job Analysis. It provides bases for wage negotiation founded on facts. Job Evaluation does not design wage structure, it helps in rationalising the system by reducing number of separate and different rates. Job Evaluation is done by group of experts. Job Evaluation determines the value of job and the value of each of the aspects of job such as skill and responsibility levels are also related and studied in connection with the job. Job Evaluation helps the management to maintain high levels of employee productivity and employee satisfaction. The objectives of job Evaluation To provide a standard procedure for fixing salary: job Evaluation aims at providing a standard procedure for fixing salary of employees doing a particular job and belonging to a particular level in the organization. This is required to remunerate the employees according to his capabilities and therefore making them satisfied on the job. To reconcile the pay in accordance with employees efforts: The rate of pay is decided by looking into various factors on the job. To ensure that wages and salaries are paid according to the qualification and work: Job Evaluation recognizes the importance of qualification of the employees and the efforts put by him on the job and decides the salary based on these factors. This   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  ensures that the employees are judged on similar factors and there is no bias. To decide salary using scientific methods of evaluation:   The job Evaluation methods are scientific in nature. It must be decided after  looking into the iss ues concerned with a scientific approach not based on  personal bias or personal choice. To have a fair study of the job factors to avoid ambiguity: Job Evaluation studies the job factors in a fair and just manner and thereby tries to avoid all sorts of ambiguity. When the factors for judging the jobs are very clear and accurate, it assigns more credibility to the entire job evaluation process. Advantages of job Evaluation Job Evaluation is advantageous to management, workers, trade unions and organisations as well. Management has the advantage of greater order in its pay arrangement and more stable wage structure. Unions benefit from a greater sense of fairness and reasons in pay matters. Union can play a more important role in determining the relation between different levels of pay and in the joint regulation of work place conditions. Employees benefit because job evaluation provides an agreed framework for setting questions affecting jobs and so helps to prevent arbitrary decisions. It also helps to ensure that differences in skill and responsibility are properly recognised. Everyone benefits from a system which enables the pay for new and revised jobs to be settled in the same way as for existing job by preventing anomalies. Job Evaluation Methods The essence of compensation administration and establishment of the pay structure is job Evaluation. It systematically determines the value of each job in relation to all jobs within the organization by using job Analysis information. In short, Job Evaluation seeks to rank all the jobs in the organization and place them in a hierarchy that will reflect the relative worth of each. The techniques which have been commonly used are as follows: Non-analytical or Non-quantitative or summary methods. Non-analytical methods are: Job Ranking Job Classification or grading Analytical or quantitative methods. Analytical methods are: Factor Comparison Point rating or assessment Job Ranking Method This is the oldest and simplest method of job Evaluation. This is generally used in smaller units where the job rater is well aware of job. This method does not break a job into its elements or factors. The whole job is judged against another whole job. Then their relative value is fixed then ranking of the jobs. Job at the top of the list obtains the highest value and the job at the bottom of the list gets the lowest value. Jobs are arranged from highest value to lowest. Jobs also can be arranged according to the relative difficulty in performing them. Jobs can also be arranged with their relative importance in the organisation. Job arrangement can be made starting with the most important and ending at the least important. Each department follow this procedure. Then an attempt is made to equate or compare jobs at various levels among the several departments to define grade levels are and salary groups. Jobs are placed into different salary ranges basically on the basis of their rank order. When there are a large number of jobs, ranking method may not be suitable. Other drawback is the method is subjective. There are no definite or consistent standards to justify the rankings.An example of ranking of jobs where additional jobs between already ranked may be assigned. Rank Monthly salary range Manager 9.000-12.000 Assistant Manager 7.000-9.000 Superintendent 6.000-8.000 Assistant 5,000-7.000 Clerk/typist 4,000-6,000 Peon 3.000-4.000 Advantages: 1.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   The system is quite simple to adopt. 2.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   It is very easy to administer. 3.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Less time consuming in evaluating the relative value of the jobs. 4.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   This is suitable for smaller organisation where the raters are fully aware of the existing jobs in the enterprise. Disadvantages: 1.  Due to lack of scientific approach jobs may be arbitrarily ranked resulting in differences in similar jobs. 2.  Since the ranks judgements of the jobs are subjective, the fairness of the judgement is questionable. 3.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  In a complex and large organisation, it is not possible to be familiar with all the jobs and thus general description will not enable correct assessment of the relative importance of the jobs.

Crash A Movie Review Essay - 3090 Words

Most people are born with good hearts, but as they grow up they learn prejudices. â€Å"Crash† is a movie that brings out bigotry and racial stereotypes. The movie is set in Los Angeles, a city with a cultural mix of every nationality. The story begins when several people are involved in a multi-car accident. Several stories interweave during two days in Los Angeles involving a collection of inter-related characters, a police detective with a drugged out mother and a mischief younger brother, two car thieves who are constantly theorizing on society and race, the white district attorney and his wife, a racist cop and his younger partner, a successful Hollywood director and his wife, a Persian immigrant father, a Hispanic locksmith and his young†¦show more content†¦Then Peter brings up the fact that their waitress was black. Anthony points out that just because she is black, does not mean that she fails to see in stereotypes. 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How Important Was Martin Luther King Compared to Malcolm X Free Essays

string(69) " doing what he told them to – whether they admitted it or not\." During the 1920’s/1930’s, black Americans faced a huge amount of discrimination from the whites and found if very difficult to achieve civil rights. They were at one stage deprived of the right to vote, not being entitled to the same things as whites, and not going to the same schools as whites. In order for blacks to achieve civil rights they needed someone to follow, they needed a leader. We will write a custom essay sample on How Important Was Martin Luther King Compared to Malcolm X or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many black leaders did emerge for the fight of civil rights. Two of the most powerful influential leaders of the twentieth century were Martin Luther King and Malcolm X. These two leaders had different methods and strategies, and very different views towards white people, but fought for the same thing. Martin Luther King was a pacifist, as he strongly disagreed in the use of any violence. This is made clear in source four, which is an example of what King achieved, in a peaceful protest. This source is from the civil rights movement, and it is about the incident of Rosa Parks. Rosa Parks was travelling on a local bus when a white woman asked her to give up her seat, and she refused, this is because she was ‘tired of giving in’ to racism. She was then arrested later that day. Martin Luther King then decided to lead a boycott of buses, which is when King first step into leading a civil rights movement, raising his profile as a leader, and his importance into the civil rights movement. Malcolm X believed in violence, and criticized King’s beliefs and methods. This is because he felt that King wasn’t doing enough for the black community, and that violence would make it happen faster. In source 14, Malcolm X gives his opinions on violence and non violence, ‘You haven’t got a revelation that doesn’t involve bloodshed. And you’re afraid to bleed. I said, you’re afraid to bleed. ’ It could be argued that Malcolm feels that most black people are cowardly and are failing to stand up for themselves. He also believes that violence solves things, which means he wants the blacks to intensify their actions. This is when Malcolm first became a symbol to black people, and became important in the civil rights movement; because he struck a chord among many young who felt they were being treated unjustly by the whites. Martin Luther King used peaceful protests and methods to publicise his views. An example of the peaceful protest was in Washington in March, 1963, when he delivered his ‘I have a dream’ speech which is shown in source 5. This emphasised his importance to the civil rights movement, as it is a well known speech which is still revered today, which emphasises Kings importance to the civil rights movement. A reason for it being well knows is because it was televised, and was broadcast to the whole of America, which means a lot more people heard it as it was more publicised. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the colour of their skin, but by the content of their character. ’ This tells us that King was really pushing equality into the minds of white families. It could be argued that the whites in America were not ready for this huge change in their society, and it questioned the white people of America’s readiness to accept change. Malcolm X used very different methods to King, and often criticized the way he did things. Malcolm believed that they wouldn’t be able to accomplish anything without the use of violence, this is shown in source 13 when Malcolm says, ‘I am for violence if non-violence means we continue postponing a solution to the American black man’s problems. If we must use violence to get the black man his human rights in this country, then I am all for violence. ’ This indicates that Malcolm X’s method included violence, but this is only because he felt he needed to use it to gain his own human rights, which blacks were lacking terribly. It could be argued that white people were scared of black people to an extent, as Malcolm X’s followers would use violence towards them. Again, this illustrates him importance in the civil rights movement. Good examples of some of Martin Luther King’s successes is the previously discussed, ‘Montgomery Bus Boycott’ and the ‘I have a dream speech’. Another source that also gives evidence of his importance and success is source 11. This source is a graph on black Americans being registered to vote from the 1940’s – 1970’s. It is a line graph, with a positive correlation, with King’s actions, showing his success in the south. This tells us that King was making a huge impact on society, prolonging his importance. The civil rights act took place between 1964-1968, and was supported by the president at the time, Lyndon Johnson. This is shown in source 15 where it says, â€Å"All persons shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, service facilities and privileges, advantages, and accommodations†¦without discrimination or segregation no the ground or face, colour, religion, or national origin† This indicates that the civil rights act was improving the lives of black people, regardless of how people judged them. This is a huge importance as Martin Luther King made a huge impact on the Civil Rights Movement. An example of Malcolm X’s successes would be him giving a voice to the ghettos in the in New York City. This is shown in source 16, ‘a high percentage of New York City’s black people responded to what I said, including a great many who would not publicly say so. ’ This shows us that while King was in the south, Malcolm X was in the north, giving his own views, and people were listening to him, and doing what he told them to – whether they admitted it or not. You read "How Important Was Martin Luther King Compared to Malcolm X" in category "Essay examples" There is more evidence of this is the same source where Malcolm says, ‘‘time and time again when I spoke in street rallies, I would draw ten and twelve times as many people as most other so-called ‘negro leaders’’ This suggests that although other negro leaders were giving their views, the people didn’t respect theirs as much as Malcolm’s. It could be argued that because of Malcolm’s past, (including his home being burnt down, armed robbery charges, and a 6 ? year prison sentence), he had more experiences, and therefore more empathy than the other leaders with the dissatisfied youth of New York. This meant that the young black generation made more of a connection with Malcolm than the others, which means he was becoming more important. An example of Martin Luther King’s failures would be ‘The Freedom Ride’ in Birmingham, Alabama, 1963. The freedom ride was a failure, because of the use of violence which occurred. The plan of the freedom ride was just to ride, and cause a commotion for the population of Birmingham. However, in source 8, it shows a picture of fire hoses being used against protesters on the street. The water pressure was so powerful that it could knock bricks out of walls. This was the white power structures reaction to the freedom ride, demonstrating where the power lay. This source indicates the amount of violence that was used during this ‘peaceful’ protest, thus making it one of King’s failures. Therefore it’s important because although he had his failures he still had a large group of followers that stood by him, and kept the fight for equal rights alive. Malcolm X was considered irresponsible and negative. He criticized Martin Luther King’s methods, and he never established any organizations or events himself. This is evident as there are no sources given to support this, and there is no evidence of this in our research. It could be argued that he didn’t have any ideas of his own, and that he just followed other people’s ideas, such as: Marcus Garvey. It is suggested that Malcolm got his ideas from Marcus Garvey as Malcolm’s father was involved in his organization ‘The Universal Negro Improvement Association’ which means Malcolm was brought up in that environment from a young age. This not only means that Malcolm was inspired by Garvey, but could be argued that he spoke to young people about his ideas, but claiming them to be his own. It could be argued that this is one of his failures as he wasn’t thinking from his own perspective, but using other peoples. Martin Luther King had different ways of leading his supporters, in comparison to Malcolm X. As discussed before, King used peaceful protests and methods. It could be argued that this is how King got his followers, and why people thought King was the best civil rights leader to follow at the time. King was a leader of the SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) which was a civil rights organization against racial segregation. King was known as ‘the voice’ of the organization. The SCLC wanted ‘absolute and immediate freedom and equality†¦ right here in this land today’ which is why they organized so many different events (e. g. Montgomery bus boycott, ect. ) It could be argued that King had such a large group of followers, because he was a member of this group, and it is what got him known. This played an important part in King’s life, as not only did his leadership inspire people, but his leadership gave results. Malcolm X was a very different leader to Martin Luther King. This is because he believed in violence, and using force towards people. Malcolm was ‘suspicious’ of whites, and was willing to use ‘any means necessary’ to achieve quality. Malcolm usually gave speeches to ‘the ghettos’ of New York, which is where a lot of young black men and woman lived. Malcolm’s views soon spread and this is when a political party called ‘The black panthers’ was formed. The black panthers were feared by civilians. This is made clear in source 18 where it says, ‘This black panther is a vicious animal as you know†¦ it can destroy everything that’s before him. This indicated that the black panthers are a strong group, that aren’t to be messed with. The black panthers used weapons, and there were around 2000 members, this could be argued that the black panthers were some sort of ‘small army’ that intimidated many people. They promoted black people as being stronger and be tter that white people, and that ‘any this is necessary’ in order to become superior. Evidently, this is a very different viewpoint compared to Martin Luther Kings, which questioned his motives, and if he was doing enough. This is very important as the black panthers were created due to Malcolm X and his fight for ‘Black Power’. However, the ‘Black Panthers’ made Malcolm X look like an extremist, which is important as it could be argued Malcolm lost followers from this. In conclusion, I feel that Martin Luther King is more important that Malcolm X, to an extent. I feel King has made more progress that Malcolm X; this is because I feel he had more impact on the civil rights movement. Although Malcolm spoke for the youths living on the streets of New York, King broadcast his message throughout America as it was televised. King was also involved in peaceful protests and organizations which generated all over the south of America, such as the Montgomery Bus Boycott or The Washington March. However, I feel that Malcolm X didn’t get the chance to prove himself to be a big part of the Civil rights movement, this is because he spent a lot of time criticizing King’s methods, and his way of doing things, instead of combining their methods together, which would be argued would have had more of an impact of the Civil Rights Movement earlier. Malcolm then travelled around the world to learn about other black cultures. When he came back he had a different perspective on King’s views and opinions, but shortly after his return he was assassinated by members of the Black Muslim movement. This deprived Malcolm and Martin combining their ideas together and becoming a stronger union. How to cite How Important Was Martin Luther King Compared to Malcolm X, Essay examples

Conclusion For Domestic Violence Essay Example For Students

Conclusion For Domestic Violence Essay VIOLENCEWhat is domestic violence? In this paper I will be telling you many different forms of domestic violence. I will include the physical abuse, sexual abuse, verbal abuse, spiritual abuse, economic abuse, social abuse, and emotional abuse. I will also describe the cycle, teen dating violence, and why women stay with an abusive partner. Physical abuse takes many forms including hitting, punching, pulling hair, slapping, grabbing, biting, kicking, breaking bones, bruising, burning, twisting arms, throwing victims against walls and furniture, throwing objects and using weapons. It also includes damaging household goods, killing pets, and denial of human needs, like sleep and nutrition. Assault can be of a life-threatening nature resulting in broken bones, miscarriages and other serious injuries. A substantial proportion of victims are threatened or assaulted with weapons such as knives, firearms and axes. Physical violence can result in murder and often leads to serious physical injury. The injuries are not always obvious as abusers often make sure the signs of their attacks are hidden under clothing. For many women there is a real and constant threat of death because of the seriousness of the abuse. Sexual abuse in the home is domestic violence. Sexual intercourse without consent is sexual assault. Sexual assault may or may not involve physical force. Sexual abuse is unwanted sexual contact. Many men still believe that they have the right to unlimited sexual access to their wives. Verbal abuse consists of derogatory comments, insults and constant put-downs. Lack of physical attractiveness, inferiority, inability to cope and succeed on her own and being told that she is not a good mother/wife/housekeeper. Over time this constant humiliation will destroy a womens belief in herself and severely affect her self-esteem. She begins to take on the abusive descriptions as if they are real and therefore may start to believe that shes worthless, that the violence is her fault. It must be kept in mind that responsibility for the violence lies solely with the perpetrator, not the victim. Threats are very common form of verbal abuse, aimed at terrorizing the woman to such and extent that the abuser is in total control. Threats by a man to kill a woman if she leaves him are often reported by victims of domestic violence. Emotional abuse closely linked to verbal abuse, these behaviors are also aimed at terrorizing the victim and stripping her of her self-confidence. Behaviors include destroying household/personal property deliberately hurting/injuring/killing domestic pets, deprivation of essential personal needs such as food, sleep, sanitary items ect. The power which they give in order to manipulate and intimidate the other partner. A range of behavior is involved, including verbal abuse intended to destroy the other persons self-esteem. For example, a perpetrators behavior may lead to his partner to believe she is insane, stupid or useless. The effect is often cumulative, occurring over a long period of time with damaging consequences for the abused persons sense of self. Spiritual abuse describes the damage violence does to the spirit of those who have been abused. For some women this cannot be equated with psychological or emotional abuse. Spiritual violence is deeper than an individuals experien ce of betrayal: it involves the shame experienced when everyone in the community is aware of the violence, and when they too are implicated as victims of the violence. Victimization may be based on race, color, or other forms of identification with that community , and it includes the abuse suffered from a history of genocide or persecution. Economic abuse this occurs where the man has total control over all financial resources. For example, he may forbid the woman to work or if she does he may insist that she hands over her pay check to him unopened. She may have to beg for money to buy necessities and when it is given it may often be insufficient. She is then criticized for being stupid or incompetent in failing to provide adequately with this sum. .u2b7d16aad56254c40ec8169adde67e47 , .u2b7d16aad56254c40ec8169adde67e47 .postImageUrl , .u2b7d16aad56254c40ec8169adde67e47 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2b7d16aad56254c40ec8169adde67e47 , .u2b7d16aad56254c40ec8169adde67e47:hover , .u2b7d16aad56254c40ec8169adde67e47:visited , .u2b7d16aad56254c40ec8169adde67e47:active { border:0!important; } .u2b7d16aad56254c40ec8169adde67e47 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2b7d16aad56254c40ec8169adde67e47 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2b7d16aad56254c40ec8169adde67e47:active , .u2b7d16aad56254c40ec8169adde67e47:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2b7d16aad56254c40ec8169adde67e47 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2b7d16aad56254c40ec8169adde67e47 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2b7d16aad56254c40ec8169adde67e47 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2b7d16aad56254c40ec8169adde67e47 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2b7d16aad56254c40ec8169adde67e47:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2b7d16aad56254c40ec8169adde67e47 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2b7d16aad56254c40ec8169adde67e47 .u2b7d16aad56254c40ec8169adde67e47-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2b7d16aad56254c40ec8169adde67e47:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Down Syndrome: An Informative EssaySocial abuse includes delivering verbal abuse in front of other people, such as put-down, jokes, criticisms about the womans weight, appearance, sexuality, intelligence ect. Controlling behaviors such as following her to work, controlling access to friends, constant phone calls at work or accusations of imagined affairs ect. Isolating a woman by denigrating her friends and family, thus leading her to cut herself off because she fears enraging her husband, locking the women in or out of the house, cutting off the telephone, never letting her use the car ect. Social abuse is the constant monitoring and control of a womens activities, outing s, and friendships. She may be forced to account herself for her every movement, and my be denied the right to leave the home and see her friends. The result for the abused woman can be public humiliation and isolation from friends and other members of her family. The Cycle Of ViolencePHASE 1: TENSION BUILDINGPoor communication / series of minor incidents / decreased controlCompliant / good behavior/ experiences/ increased tension/ minimizes problems/ increases threats/ denies anger/ takes more control/ withdraws/ controls more/ tension intolerablePHASE 2: ACUTE BATTERINGIncreased stress and injury/ loss of controlUnpredictable, claims loss of control / is helpless, feels trapped / highly abusive/ traumatizedPHASE 3: KINDNESS AND LOVING BEHAVIORTension drops / Renewed love / Increased TensionOften apologetic, attentive / mixed feelings / is manipulative / feels guilty and responsible / promises changes / considers reconciliationAfter the abuser has gone through all of the phases, it starts over again with phase one and continues until the victim either gets help or is killed. TEEN DATING VIOLENCE FACTS MYTHSMyth: It cant happen to meFact: More than 1 in 10 teenagers experience physical violence in their relationshipsMyth: Jealousy and possessiveness are a sign of true loveFact: Jealousy and possessiveness are a sign that the person sees you as a possession. It is the most common early warning sign of abuse. Myth: Teen dating violence isnt really that serious. Fact: Thirty percent of all women who are murdered in this country are killed by their husband or boyfriend. According to a Massachusetts study, that same high percentage applied to teen woman, aged 15-19, as well. Also, 60% of all rapes reported to rape crisis centers are committed by acquaintances, and the majority of victims are aged 16-24. Myth: Men are battered by women just as often as women are battered by men. Fact: The U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics reports that 95% of the reported incidents of assaults in relationships are committed by males. Myth: Alcohol causes a man to batterFact: Many men who batter do not drink heavily , and many alcoholics do not beat their partners. Further, batterers who do drink dont necessarily give up battering when they give up drinking. While they are drunk, the alcohol acts as their excuse. Myth: Victims bring on the abuse themselves. They ask for itFact: Perpetrators believe they have the right to use abuse to control their partner, and they see the victim as less than equal to themselves. The victim has no control over the abuser. Myth: If a person stays in an abusive relationship, it must not really be that bad. Fact: People stay in abusive relationships for a number of reasons: fear, economic dependence, confusion, loss of self-confidence, not recognizing that whats happening is abusive, belief that the abuser needs their help or will change. Myth: Most batterers are bums or crazy people. Fact: Batterers are found in all classes and types of people: rich, poor, professional, unemployed, black, white, urban, and rural.

Beatles Break Up Essays - Counterculture Of The 1960s,

Beatles Break Up Final paper; The Beatles Break-up The End of a Legend As they walked off the plane, thousands of people stood there to welcome them. They were screaming their names and singing their songs. Everyone had heard of them, they were the true meaning of rock and roll; they defined it. They were the biggest sensation since Elvis; they called themselves The Beatles. They had never expected to be the next sensation. No one ever expects to become a great legend in national or world history. It had taken them two years to establish the final four members, but once they joined together they were known around the world. Even though they were not the greatest guitarists, drummers, singers or musicians (Professor Joel Friedman, personal interview). As a whole they came together as a world champion team, like a finely tuned machine. But just as every dynasty has its finest hour they came to an end, just like any great thing. No one ever wanted or thought this miraculous band would ever cease to be. However, they did, but why is the question many people still ask today. They were four young men with a dream to play in a band. The members consisted of John Lennon, Paul McCartney, Ringo Starr, and George Harrison. The band was created in nineteen sixty, but the group was not fully established until nineteen sixty-two. This is when the name British Invasion first started to take acclaim. They toured around the world performing everywhere. Not wanting to ever stop for a second because of the love they all had for music and because of how hard they had worked to finally achieve what all human beings want, success. They had about seven great years together, at least from what the world new, but soon things started to change. The group began to have difficulties within themselves. Internal conflict is what brings all great things to stop working like clockwork. The question is what was so bad that this extremely talented group had to break up? There is much controversy to why the group broke up. Many people believed different things, the problems varied; the problems ranged from drugs to personal differences among one another. The group gave many interviews and had many discussions to why they had broken up, but still there are debates. People now are starting to come to the conclusion, that there is not one specific reason to why the exceptional band ended. Could the Beatles just have not had anything left to do with their music? According to The Beatles, written by Allan Kozinn, the Beatles had given seven great years of music, but the whole group wanted different things. In a personal interview done with Professor Friedman, the possibilities were endless to why they ended. Lennon had begun recording a record with his wife and felt it was in his best interests to go solo. McCartney, one of the key writers for the band, began creating songs solo. The band no longer worked as a group to accomplish things; they would just come together as one when they needed to record. The band started to feel that it would just be better to go on their own paths and see where they would end. Many people say this reason could not be true because all of the Beatles songs say written by McCartney-Lennon. McCartney and Lennon would no longer try to create songs together, or try to put music to what they had written. It got to the point were the only reason the songs were McCartney-Lennon was because Lennon might give his opinion if McCartney needed help, not because he wanted to help him write (Friedman). According to the web site, on March 30, 2000, www.askjeeves.com, Harrison had wanted more artistic freedom with his work, which was not possible. Harrison had become very interested in Indian music, culture and philosophy; he wanted to incorporate it into the Beatles music, but Lennon and McCartney would have no part of that. (Kozinn, 162). They believed that they were the two writers for the group, and did not want to incorporate Harrison's music into their band, therefore he felt as though he was being shunned

War on Iraq essays

War on Iraq essays The Bush administration officials are making plans for a major invasion of Iraq that could come as early as this fall. The Bush administration feels that attacking Iraq and overthrowing Saddam Hussein is part of the campaign against terrorism and is needed to prevent Iraq's development of weapons of mass destruction. Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the United States has been on high alert and is willing to do anything to assure the safety of the American people. War against Iraq, the destruction of its infrastructure and the killing of Iraqi citizens and U.S. soldiers would be a crime against humanity. It is imperative that we do all we can to prevent this catastrophe. Saddam Hussein cannot be trusted. The risk is simply too great that he will use instruments of mass death and destruction or provide them to a terrorist network, said Bush.(Newsday, October 6, 2002) The United States doesnt have the authority to invade Iraq on assumptions and predictions. There is no justification for war. Iraq has not attacked or threatened the United States, and there is no evidence linking Iraq to the attacks of September 11, 2001. The Bush Administration has failed to produce credible evidence that the Iraqi regime has any links whatsoever with Al Qaeda. None of the September 11 hijackers were Iraqi, no major figure in Al Qaeda is Iraqi, nor has any part of Al Qaeda's money trail been traced to Iraq. An attack on Iraq could result in thousands of innocent victims being killed. A military overthrow of Saddam Hussein would require U.S. forces to occupy Iraq in hostile circumstances for quite some time. One of the goals of the Bush administration is to pr event the use of weapons of mass destruction. If attacked, what is stopping Saddam Hussein from using these weapons against the United States troops attacking, or even Israel? These weapons could be chemical or biological and can cause severe damage. ...

News Corporation Strategic Management Case Study

News Corporation Strategic Management - Case Study Example In the 1920s, News Corporation started out as an Australia-based chain of newspapers. Its growth has been driven mainly by an aggressive acquisition strategy, with large stakes in the film, television, publishing, and several other industries. Today, the company operates and owns, among others, Twentieth Century Fox, Star TV, British Sky Broadcasting, DirecTV, and several joint ventures worldwide. In 2004, it reincorporated in the US. Corporate strategy is used to set "the purpose of the organisation and the plans and actions to achieve that purpose" (qtd. in Lynch, 2006). It pertains to scope, which is always depicted along three dimensions: geography, product market, and value chain or vertical integration (Figure 1). For instance, which industries and markets are most suitable for the company Or, considering the various competing forces surrounding the firm, which direction would deliver the most value: diversification, vertical integration, mergers, or acquisitions Perhaps, it could be a combination of these approaches or a new business venture altogether. In the last century, industry has become increasingly internationalised, due to three main drivers of change: economic growth, fewer barriers to multinational expansion, and technological developments (Leontiades, 1987, 5). Once a company takes its operations beyond national borders, it grows not only in size but impact, making strategic decisions even more critical. Moreover, the meaning of strategy shifts as the corporate purpose is localised and translated at the business level. As the company operationalises its blueprint, it is faced with competitive pressures and so, to succeed, it must be able to match its strengths with the various opportunities available in the environment. At the same time, it must stay flexible and dynamic, since the market landscape is never static. In other words, business strategy deals with continuously building comparative advantage over its rivals (Grant, 2002, 23). The Rise of the Transnational Media Corporation Perhaps more than any other type of organisation, mass media companies have established worldwide operations of the widest scale, thus, giving rise to the "transnational media corporation" (TNMC). But as internationalisation spread, trends of privatisation and consolidation also arose - especially after the 1980s, when mergers, acquisitions, and strategic alliances were negotiated worldwide at an unprecedented pace - not just in mass media but also in finance, aviation, and other fronts. The massive realignment of industries intensified further when information and communication technologies (ICTs) were widely adopted by businesses and, later, entered the consumer mainstream. Besides News Corporation - one of the more iconic examples in the industry of an internationalised company - these TNMCs also include Time Warner, Walt Disney, Sony Inc., and Bertelsmann A.G. According to Gershon (1996, 6), these entities have engaged in the TNMC strategy for at least one of five reasons: proprietary assets and natural resources, foreign market penetration, production and distribution efficiencies, overcoming regulatory barriers to entry, and empire building. The Role of Leadership While Murdoch may have been motivated by a

Analysis modeling, Design Concepts and Architectural Design Assignment

Analysis modeling, Design Concepts and Architectural Design - Assignment Example ER diagrams reflect the relationship between entities and associated attributes in the data model, whereas class diagram reflects the relationship between classes and their associated attributes of the proposed system handling real-life business scenario. ER diagram defines underlying business logic in tables of database and their relation, whereas class diagram business process of objects into the real-world (Pressman, 2005). ER diagram provides logical representation of tables in the data model and their relationship. Class diagram defines the structural element of the system and their process to create software. Software design is not a program, but it defines high level abstraction or pieces of logic for satisfying business requirement from a client into creation and delivery of software before even coding starts (Pressman, 2005). Software design creates a plan from inception phase of software till final piece of software in alignment with desired outcomes expected from client. Software design needs to utilize all information available regarding business objective and technological requirement to make successful creation of software. Programming is an important aspect of software that requires data synchronization through communication between technical and business players to make information system successful. Different modules defining different functions of the program is a preferable option in comparison to putting whole logic into one large module because of maintenance, readability, debugging, and the ease of writing. Modular programming provides independence of developing and testing irrespective of what other different pieces of logic are doing. It also makes the main part of code easier to understand and maintain as only simple function and procedure is called instead of a large program written in the main section of

Compare and Contrast Great Britain and France's most recent elections Research Paper

Compare and Contrast Great Britain and France's most recent elections - Research Paper Example This writing will focus upon the recent elections that took place in France as well as Great Britain. This writing will focus upon the differences between the election procedures, power structures, voting trends and voting systems experienced by the Great Britain and France. Body French Elections 2012 The presidential elections of 2012 that were held in France during the month of 2012 had a total of 10 individuals running for the president. These ten individuals included Francois Hollande and Nicolas Sarkozy. Sarkozy was the previous president of France and was running for the seat for the second time and according to the constitution of France; he was running for the second and the final time. After the first set of elections, both Sarkozy and Hollande stood as the leaders with 28% votes earned by Hollande and 27% votes earned by Sarkozy. This led to the second round in which both Hollande and Sarkozy took part, the end result of the second round was that both failed to gain majorit y and the difference between the percentage of votes for both the candidates was only 3%. Hollande took the lead by winning 51.64 votes and Sarkozy stood second by winning 48.36% votes (Thompson 131). This ended in the victory of Hollande and after this election followed the elections of Legislative level. The number of people who voted during the second round was much higher than the number of people who voted in the elections of the Great Britain. The average votes from all the territories was 82%, in which highest turnaround was experienced in the voters of Lot and lowest turnaround was experienced in the votes from the region of Saint-Martin. Sarkozy had a stronger hold in the southern and eastern regions of the nation and he was able to secure 60% of the total votes. Sarkozy even gained majority in areas that had voted in round one for Marine Le Pen but ample amount for support from Hollande was even available because of his proposal of Change. A two staged election process is used in France to select the president of the nation, in the first round different parties take part and one candidate from these parties is selected to run for the president’s office. Those who are elected as candidates have to attain 500 endorsements before being selected as a candidate. If the results of the first round do not select a majority, then a second round takes place in which two candidates who have the most number of votes run for the office and the individual who secures the majority of the votes in the second round, ends up securing the position. The voters list of France comprises of all French citizens who have reached the age of 18, these people include only those who are regarded as French Nationals and are registered to vote. There are several issues on which the voters of French presidential elections cast their vote. One of the major issues concerning the voters is the issue of unemployment which as been quite high in the recent past. According to the 2 007 statistics, the rate of unemployment in France was 9% (Brooke 757). The most lethal issue experienced by voters is the issue of immigration. It is said that the French community has become divided due to the issue of immigration. The numbers of immigrants that have been deported from France since 2002 have increased and have doubled. Another issue experienced by the voters of presidential elections is the issue of Law and order. The most popular party

Biology Essays Factors affecting mammal population in the neotropics

Biology Essays Factors affecting mammal population in the neotropics An essay on the factors affecting mammal population in the neotropics and the challenges managing these populations. Introduction The Neotropics includes Mexico, Central America, South America, the Caribbean and Southern Florida and it also hold the greatest amount of standing forests. These wooded wildlands are mosaic in a variety of green that together add up to some 1.37 million acres. Mammals in these areas are affected by several factors which affect their livelihood and sustenance. As a result, any of these species are either being extinct or reduced. Mammals are described as any of a large group of warm-blooded vertebrate animals characterized by having mammary glands in the female, which is used for suckling the young. Other features includes hairs which are very reduced in some species such as whales, a middle ear formed from three small bones (ossicles), a lower jaw consisting of two bones only, seven vertebrae in the neck and no nucleus in the red blood cells. Mammals belong to the class Mammalia. They are divided into three groups. Eutherians (Placental mammals), this is where the young develop inside the mother’s body in the uterus and receives nourishment from the blood of the mother via the placenta. The Marsupials (Pouched mammlas), where the young’s are born at an early stage of development and develop futher in a pouch on the mother’s body where they are attached to and feed from a nipple and the final group being, Monotremes (Egg- laying mammlas), this is where the young hatch from an egg outside the mother’s body and then nourished with milk. The monotremes are the least evolved and have been largely displaced by more sophisticated marsupials and placentals, so they are only a few types surviving platypus and echidna. Placental mammals have spread to all parts of the globe where they have competed with marsupials; they have in general displaced the marsupial types. However, marsupials occupy many specialized niches in South America and especially Australia. There are over 4000 species of mammals, adapted to almost every way of life, with the smallest shrew weighing 2g/0.07oz and the largest the whale up to 140 tons. According to the Red list of endangered species published by the World Conservation Union for 1996, 25% of mammal species population is threatened with extinction. The Red list of endangered species is a scientific assessment of the status of the world’s animal species. Although it carries no legal force this international compilation is seen by many scientist and conservationist as a warning of global decline in the wildlife biodiversity. The report also sates that 24 of the 26 orders of mammalian species are at the brink of extinction globally with an excess of 50% of the neotropical mammalian species. A leading cause of this decline in population is due to habitat degradation and destruction which is mostly due to human population and economic development, such as, over hunting, pollution and deforestation. There is also the introduction of non native species that plays a significant threat to mammalian species survival along side climatic changes. This assignment will discuss the factors affecting mammal population in the neotropics and also I will seek to list the challenges managing these populations. Factors affecting mammals of the neotropics Humans are the chief cause of neotropical mammalian loss. They destroy the plants which provide food and also shelter for the animals and also hunt for them and utilize their meat as food and their skin for clothing. Plants are generally taxonomically diverse and omnipresent. They function as primary producers hence; they are the most critical components in the maintenance of a vibrant functional mammalian population. It provides food for almost all mammals, coverings for numerous organisms, stabilize water sheds functioning and also provide a variety of other critical ecological functions such as stabilizing the earth’s oxygen content and nitrogen fixation which are vital for the animals’ survival. Most of this destruction by humans (a mammal) occurs to clear land for agriculture and cattle grazing, even though much of the forested land is inappropriate for farming or ranching. Cutting down of the plant removes most of the nutrients from the ecosystem, leaving soil tha t will only be able to support intensive agriculture for a couple of seasons. Over the past decade, Large-scale forest fires, timber extraction by local and foreign companies, mining, the building of dams, and population growth have also made significant contributions to forest loss in the neotropics. Population growth and economic expansion have led to the construction of new roads and buildings that both physically and ecologically fragment the forest, reducing its vitality. The now plantless lands or once forested areas are subsequently being used for the construction of homes, and consequently animals are being forced to migrate form these areas resulting in reduction in the species population. Habitat fragmentation could result in the loss and strain on the mammalian population. Some animals can benefit from the fragments of land while others may not. Depending on the size of the island patches large animals like jaguars can find it very difficult to obtain sufficient food for their survival. Many mammals such as manatees, cows, pigs, and sheep just to name a few are hunted and used by humans for food purposes. In addition to be hunted for food purposes some animals are hunted primarily for clothing and ornamental purposes. Wildlife trade also reduces the population or destroys the habitat of many neotropical mammals. Wild life trade is the third largest illegal trade in the world and it has an estimate of $1 billion on the Brazilian market alone. It affects most of the species that are officially listed as endangered species. As it relates to Brazil wildlife animals are officially being held in captivity including the threatened species such as the golden lion tamarin and the capuchin monkeys. Over the years, penalties have been enforced on poachers and people who obtain the wild animals. Mammals that are being taken out of their natural habitat are being trained and used as game animals for exhibition and economical purposes. Neotropical environments are also threatened by intensifying and poorly planned developments. Such development has resulted in ecosystem devastation. Pollution of rivers, beaches and other water beds by industrial, municipal and human waste has resulted in the loss or illness of many aquatic mammals such as dolphins. In the most industrialized country, Brazil, pollution in the area has often resulted in acid rain over the forest remnants. Fires such as campfires and accidental forest fires play a critical role in the depletion of the species. Noise pollution also plays a part in the disturbance of mammals’ population especially underwater noise pollution which is a disturbing problem that is quickly degrading the ocean life. This type of pollution can be described in many ways, simply because the ocean is filled to the brim with loud noises coming from various sources for example, military sonar, used for defensive and research purposes, fishing boats, merchant ships, research vessels, and oil rigs. Some of these noises are as a result of human activity. The increase of noise in the ocean has adverse effects on marine mammals in almost every aspect of their life, one of which is their behaviour. In order to communicate with each other, many species of whales depend on hearing calls from other whales. These calls can easily be hidden behind acoustic masking from sounds in the same frequency ranges. For example, the calls of baleen whales (humpback, blue, fin, and grey whales) are frequencies that range from 20 to 500 Hz. Sonar and even natural sources frequencies of sounds can mask the calls of whales and other marine mammals and significantly alter their natural behaviors. This noise can also cover other behaviors such as dolphin special echolocation skills used for navigational purposes, foraging for food, and communication within the specific group members. You can get expert help with your essays right now. Find out more The building of roads and other building can divide biomes and isolate many animals in the neotropics through the clearing of trees. Road traffic also causes pollution and also kills many of the animals. Many highways and buildings have been built without necessary environmental impact reports, and many are left unfinished, leaving neighboring areas vulnerable to severe erosion, that can have negative outcome on the animals’ survival. Climatic changes can also have impacts on the species population. High environmental temperatures can lessen male fertility by damaging or killing sperm, While, it can also trigger blood flow changes that reduce the flow of blood to the uterine tract, damaging or killing developing embryos in females thus lowering, their fertility rate. All the above factors can have and is having a great impact on the neotropical mammal population. Challenges managing the factors affecting the neotropic mammal population Although neotropical mammals, are faced with many challenges in dealing with their continuous existence, various managing schemes are being put in place to prevent these hazardous impacts to control their population. Conservation projects have being established in selected areas in an attempt to reverse the trend in declining population sizes. These projects play a vital part in the development of ecotourism in almost all parts of the neotropics and also the protection and conservation of various animal species. In terms of ecotourism development, tourists will have to pay to visit areas with interesting natural and cultural features. Conservationists from the various projects can also work along with local communities to educate people about the value of the wildlife in the area, to eliminate illegal hunting and to assist communities in developing farming and logging methods that are habitat and also animal friendly. The implementation of national parks and other private organizations can also play a part in conservation activities that can help to eradicate and protect the neotropical animals who lives are at stake. In addition to the development in ecotourism, the establishment of protected areas can also play a part in protecting the species diversity. Protected areas establishment will tend to have important economic as well as social function in conserving biodiversity. Captive breeding is another managing scheme which can help with this. It focuses on the reproduction of rare animals in captivity. The legal practice of captive breeding increases the population of many endangered species world wide. Species that are being held captive in this way can serve as a demographic and genetic reservoir for the species. Examples of few neotropical mammals held captive are the golden lion tamarin the capuchin monkeys, seals manatees and wildcats such as jaguar. A penalty of a fixed amount should be enforced to the various people of the different regions who practice the illegal capturing and use of the animals in the wild for their own purposes such as exploitation and over hunting. In 1975, the Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) treaty prohibited international trade on most wild cats and was dramatically effective in curtailing trade of jaguar skins. In closing it can be noted that a wise approach towards the neotropical regions can be of great importance in the conservation of the animals species diversity. Although many of these approach are being taken by humans (a mammal), much more measures should be put in place try and curb this situation, because they are some heartless people who are still practicing these unlawful activities and should be punished for their heartless actions. With this in place there will be a rich mammalian population not only in the neotropical regions but also other parts of the world. References Lindley, David (1998) Webster’s New World Dictionary of Science, Helicon Publishing Limited Whitmore, T.C. (1998) An Introduction to Tropical Rain Forests, Second Edition Oxford University Press New York www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hotspots/cerrado/biodiversity.xml date accessed 2008-02-26 http://www.rainforest-alliance.org/aar.cfm?id=conservation date accessed 2008-02-26

Victorian Newspapers -- Victorian Time Period

Victorian Newspapers: The Source for Inquiring Minds In William Makepeace Thackeray's novel Vanity Fair, George Sedley Osborne exhibits a desire to have his name appear in the newspapers. Furthermore, he is not the only one in Vanity Fair who is concerned with the newspapers, considering the fact that the words "newspaper" and "newspapers" appear twenty-two times in Thackeray's novel. Still, there is much more to know about Victorian newspapers than Thackeray imparts to his readers. Although George is unsuccessful in getting his name in print, the following information will be successful in illustrating to its readers the when, where, and why of newspapers in the Victorian era. The Nineteenth century included a monumental step for the world of newspapers. In fact, the "first papers to resemble the daily newspaper of the mid-twentieth century were the penny papers of the 1830's" (Hartman 17). Though their origins began in the Victorian era, the newspapers read today barely resemble the sparse "penny papers" years ago (Hartman 17). Reader Appeal Victorian newspapers found their start as expensive publications that were essentially unattainable by the lower classes. The reason for this inaccessibility is accounted for by the additional tax placed on newspapers during this time. This tax "took the form of a stamp duty, paid and recorded on every copy" ("Images"). Nevertheless, the sales of newspapers continually climbed. In addition, the "early select papers appealed only to man, the political animal" (Sampson 855). Indeed, the majorities of topics found in an early Victorian newspaper were political, and also sought to be partisan, rather than non-partisan. Finally, towards the end of the century, papers appealing to the "whol... ...ttp://www.uk.olivesoftware.com>. "Concise History of the British Newspaper in the 19th Century." The British Library Newspaper Library. The British Library Board. 09 Nov. 2004 . Dowd, Robert C. "A Brief History of Newspaper Publishing in Florida." The Florida Newspaper Project. University of Florida. 07 Nov. 2004 . "Extracts from the Times." Monuments and Dust: The Culture of Victorian London Collection. University of Virginia. 07 Nov. 2004 . Leary, Patrick. "Newspapers." Victoria Research Web. 07 Nov. 2004 . Rinhart, Floyd and Marion. Victorian Florida: America's Last Frontier. Atlanta, GA.: Peachtree Publishers, Ltd., 1986.

How Serious Is Forest Depletion In Pakistan Environmental Sciences Essay

Pakistan has approximately 4.2 million hour angle covered by woods, which is tantamount to 4.8 per centum of the entire land country ( Government of Pakistan 2003 ) , which is really low when compared with 30 per centum for the universe ( FAO 2001 ) . Entire forests country of different states and districts of Pakistan viz. Sindh, Baluchistan, Punjab, North West Frontier Province ( NWFP ) , Azad Kashmir and Northern countries is 0.92, 0.33, 0.69, 1.21, 0.42, and 0.66 million hour angle severally ( Government of Pakistan 2003 ) . This shows that most of the forest distribution is in northern portion of the state ( 40 per centum of state ‘s entire woods are in NWFP, 15.7 per centum in Northern Areas and 6.5 per centum in Azad Kashmir ) . There is a great assortment of species because of the state ‘s great physiographic and climatic contrasts. The woods of the state are of assorted types such as ( a ) litoral and swamp woods, ( B ) tropical dry deciduous woods, ( degree Cels ius ) tropical thorn woods, ( vitamin D ) sub-tropical broadleaf evergreen woods, ( vitamin E ) sub-tropical pine woods, ( degree Fahrenheit ) Himalayan moist temperate woods, ( g ) Himalayan dry temperate woods, ( H ) sub-alpine woods and ( I ) alpine chaparral. The predominating species are of cone-bearing type ( Ahmed and Mahmood, 1998 ; Qazi 1994 ; Poffenberger 2000 ; Suleri 2002 ) . Forest depletion is one of the most serious environmental issues for Pakistan. Harmonizing to an estimation 39 thousand hectares of woods are disappearing yearly. Between the old ages 1990 and 2000, the deforestation rate in Pakistan was 1.5 % yearly ( FAO, 2005 ) . Harmonizing to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, some South and Southeast Asiatic states, including Cambodia, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, and Sri Lanka are losing woods at rates transcending 1.4 per centum per twelvemonth. These are among the highest rates of forest loss in the universe. Within South Asia, the rate of forest depletion is highest in Pakistan, despite intensive support from international giver bureaus and legion planetary and local enterprises for forest preservation, policy preparation, and improved administration. ( Rashid, S. 1993 ) . Timber is a cherished trade good in Pakistan, with monetary values presently twice the universe norm, a map of both deficits in domestic supply and import responsibilities. Therefore, both bets and net incomes are high. Despite assorted steps and policy recommendations to minimise the negative influence of powerful local elites, they continue to be active participants in logging and other commercial activities. ( Shahbaz B, Suleri AQ. 2009 ) The forest shrinking in Pakistan is non merely merely because of the direct causes but besides intercession of other authorities sections for the land of forest section for their intents ; for new lodging strategies and allocation of the land to the workers, for route and railroad and other development undertakings in the state throughout the history. The forest sections maintain an antique forestry statute law and disposal, which presents many loopholes which can be exploited by influential persons – the â€Å" lumber Mafia † – who are depriving lumber from the few staying natural woods. ( Shahbaz B, Suleri AQ. 2009 ) Politicians, contractors and administrative officials tend to organize informal webs that give them unsusceptibility from forest Torahs and a free manus to set about forest operations at their ain discretion. To add fuel to the fire, some unscrupulous elements of the Forest Department have facilitated contractors for hard currency inducements – such as payoffs to the local FD staff for every three-dimensional pes of lumber ( Rashid, 1993 ) . The political economic system of the forestry sector has besides become really clear. In the hierarchy of influence, politicians and the â€Å" lumber Mafia † collude to derive entree to lucrative contracts and grants and therefore exert the most influence on wood policy and determinations ( Shahbaz B, Suleri AQ. 2009 ) . The general absence of political will has encouraged the runners and Mafia to spread out their illegal activities in the lumber trade. ( Rashid, S. 1993 ) This survey intends to concentrate attending on this of import factor behind forest screen shrinking in Pakistan i.e. , the function of province sections and lumber Mafia.LITERATURE REVIEWPakistan is a state with low forest screen ; there are merely 0.03 hour angle of forest per capita compared to the universe norm of one hour angle. With the population turning at 2.6 per centum yearly, the forest country per capita is worsening. The country of public woods can non be expanded and trees grown on private lan d lend well to the state ‘s wood production ; this will increase in the hereafter. During 2000/01, Pakistan imported mush and paper merchandises deserving Rs.7 646 million and exhausted Rs.915 million on wood and lumber imports. Pakistan yearly exports athleticss and furniture goods deserving Rs.2 to 3 billion. ( National Forest Policy Review ) Harmonizing to statistics issued in 2006 by the Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs, forests cover about 4.22 million hectares in Pakistan, merely 4.8 per centum of the entire land country. However, there is considerable contention over the precise forest country in Pakistan, as different national and international bureaus have published statistics based on different definitions of what comprises a wood. Areas designated as â€Å" forest countries † are simply lands under the administrative control of the provincial wood section. Thus, officially designated woods may be devoid of trees while considerable tree screen may be found in countries Other than the designated woods. ( Shahbaz B, Suleri AQ. 2009 ) After divider of the Indian sub-continent in 1947 the new province of Pakistan was left with a really little forest gift of approximately 7 % 1 of its entire land country. This little forest resource base was even further reduced to less than 5 % after the separation of East-Pakistan in 1972. ( INRMP ) The forestry sector contributes merely 0.3 per centum to the GNP. This excludes the indirect benefits that forests provide. Annual wood production is 3.5 million M3, which satisfies the domestic demand for industrial wood. Forest and related little industries provide employment for more than 500 000 people. Forests and rangelands provide eatage to 90 million caput of farm animal. Forests play a critical function in protecting the water partings of Tarbela and Mangla reservoirs, which are really of import for hydropower coevals and for providing H2O to extensive irrigation webs in the fields of Punjab and Sindh states. Annual harm ensuing from inundations, dirt eroding and siltation of reservoirs is estimated at Rs2.3 billion. ( National Forest Policy Review ) Deforestation is one of the most important planetary environmental jobs. Forms of forest debasement are peculiarly seeable in many parts of Asia and Africa. Harmonizing to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, some South and Southeast Asiatic states, including Cambodia, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, and Sri Lanka are losing woods at rates transcending 1.4 per centum per twelvemonth. These are among the highest rates of forest loss in the universe. Within South Asia, the rate of forest depletion is highest in Pakistan, despite intensive support from international giver bureaus and legion planetary and local enterprises for forest preservation, policy preparation, and improved administration. Deforestation ever brings negative effects. In September 1992, Pakistan experienced the worst inundations in the state ‘s history, and the vanished woods in the northern water partings were regarded as one of the chief possible causes. Therefore, the federal authorities imposed a complete prohibition on logging in 1993. But the prohibition did non take into history the state ‘s ain lumber demands, and the prohibition non merely triggered illegal logging at that place, but besides led to smuggling of lumber from Afghanistan into Pakistan, doing extended deforestation in Afghanistan. On October 8, 2005, Pakistan suffered its worst catastrophe in history, when an temblor of 7.6 on the Richter graduated table struck South Asia, doing tremendous devastation in the cragged countries of northwest Pakistan. Massive landslides caused farther loss to the part ‘s dwellers. The landslides occurred largely in the bald hills, whereas topographic points with good wood screen suffe red less devastation. ( Shahbaz B, Suleri AQ. 2009 ) Many accounts sing deforestation in the cragged parts of the subcontinent are offered. Most current among these is the Theory of Himalayan Environmental Degradation [ THED ] . The THED ascribes deteriorating environmental conditions of the Himalaya part to the increasing population force per unit area in the delicate mountain ecological environment. The 2nd statement addresses the wider socioeconomic processes-especially urbanisation of the lowland countries and the corresponding addition in the demand for lumber. This besides includes developmental activities and substructure enlargement in the cragged areas-particularly opening up of antecedently unaccessible woods due to building of roads. Alternatively, another strand of research underscores the political economic system attack to resource debasement. For illustration, research has looked into the rent seeking activities of the communities shacking in/around the woods as a beginning of deforestation25. Failure of the authorities to set up a proper institutional set-up for forest direction has besides been blamed as the cause of forest diminution. ( L. Hassan ) The unhallowed confederation between private wood contractors and forest functionaries taking to illegal logging activities has besides been quoted as one of import ground for forest diminution. ( Knudsen. 1996 ) The demands from forest proprietors, right- and non-right holders for lumber, fire-wood, graze and other non-timber wood green goods for subsistence increased significantly with rapid growing in human population, farm animal and alterations in life manners. Often local demands went beyond legal rights offered by assorted legal classs of the woods and several de facto demands were added, many of them pursued by illegal agencies. The of all time shriveling forest base particularly in the countries where such demands had out-grown disproportionately to the forest resource, created instabilities between sustainable supplies and existent demands for subsistence, income addendums to the local hapless and illegal commercial development by the â€Å" lumber Mafia † . ( INRMP ) Harmonizing to Geiser ( 2000 ) , â€Å" in pattern, forest resources are made unaccessible for the hapless and marginalized subdivisions of the communities, whereas the influential along with members of the timber Mafia consumed these resources at their ain Sweet will. †DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONAs figures above show that Pakistan is among those states that have really high deforestation rates. Forests in Pakistan are really diverse in nature and of important importance for the state ‘s economic system and supports. Multitudes of people who live in or around these woods depend for their nutrient, shelter, fuel and other such demands on the woods resources partly or entirely and same is the ground incrimination for development and debasement of woods is put on them. A few others take hapless and unsustainable direction of the woods, deficiency of jurisprudence enforcement, hapless institutional capacity of authorities sections, hapless life conditions and deficiency of installations for locals, unplanned development and other such grounds as possible grounds for the forest debasement in the state. There are besides commercial involvements to function supplies to the lumber market and to fulfill Government grosss from forestry. Alongside there exists a big scale illegal commercial development of woods by the alleged â€Å" lumber Mafia. In this paper I have tried to foreground the function of â€Å" Timber Mafia † in forest development and debasement far beyond the sustainable degree. The complete development of woods is a consequence of utilizing the woods for economic intents and non due to the subsistence patterns of the locals. The economic utilizations when knew no bounds were halted by the authorities policies to restrict the forest development above the sustainable degrees. This prompted the illegal film editing and coming of the Timber Mafia. The term â€Å" Timber Mafia † encompasses the contractors, persons, organisations and even the corrupt authorities establishments who somehow or other by their strong lobbying and graft cut the woods even from the countries where lumber harvest home is non allowed. ( INRMP ) defines timber Mafia as The term â€Å" timber Mafia † is a conversational term used throughout NWFP to measure up a group of people engaged in illegal lumber reaping for commercial intents. This group, in assorted configurations, include local lumber runners, Guzara proprietors, former harvest home contractors, local timber-traders, sawmill proprietors, and – at times – forestry staff and local politicians. The lumber Mafia non merely uses such agencies but besides through buttonholing affects the forest policies that would in turn safeguard their involvements as good. In confederation with the Forest Departments they use the loopholes of the forest policies. Furthermore Law enforcement for wood protection is weak and punishments devised by assorted legal instruments such as the Pakistan Forest Act ( 1927 ) , the Hazara Forest Act ( 1936 ) , provincial wildlife regulations and related Acts of the Apostless are uneffective. In add-on to this, none of the past wood policies identified unsustainable commercial lumber reaping and forest depletion by the powerful â€Å" lumber Mafia † supported by politicians and vested involvements as jobs. With the turning scarceness of lumber in the wider market in Pakistan, lumber monetary values increased quickly and illegal harvest home created an extra load on the woods in NWFP. There were besides such policies like Timber reaping prohibition in NWFP which was an of import policy determination by the authorities with effects for the full forestry sector in the state but it besides gave a roar to the Timber Smugglers who when saw that there is no room for run intoing their demands, they shifted their attending to already war wreck Afghanistan so burden on the woods of was shifted from Pakistan to Afghanistan. Another of import factor in illegal commercial harvest home by lumber Mafia are the wages of forest staff, particularly the field staff in lower ranks. Their wages are so light despite the fact that they were keepers of immense forest wealth. Gangs of illegal lumber bargainers have been so influential, good equipped, nomadic and ready to take hazard of damaging, harming, pain, and even slaying the forest staff, who offer opposition and create barriers and limitations in their manner. By and large, the field staff does non acquire the needed degree of support from the Government in commanding or groking the ill-famed wood wrongdoers. Neither the forest offense instances are adjudicated quickly, nor the penalties awarded by the tribunals are appropriate to their magnitude and earnestness. Furthermore, non merely does the mechanism of monitoring, detection, and describing little forest offenses lack answerability but it besides remains weak in the mechanism employed for big graduated ta ble felling. These are the conditions that affect the morale, professionalism, transparence and efficiency of the forest staff. In weaving up and reasoning the treatment I make note of the failings of our policies and establishments to turn to the Timber Mafia in existent sense in its policies and statute laws. My analysis besides allows me to province that the singular difference in the supply and demand of the lumber in the state should be addressed earnestly. My first observation is on the issue of utilizing the woods for economic intents by the strong and influential in the state who on one manus are involved in policy preparation and on the other they are found to be in complete confederation with the runners who with their cooperation non merely excel the statute laws but besides use the loopholes in the wood policies for their intents. It is besides noteworthy that in the name of the protected woods and other such types locals who used to be keepers of the woods themselves ( as they were determiners of their better supports ) were marginalized and woods were declared reserved and protected and so on so it was a kind of free manus to the runners, lumber Mafia and corrupt politicians who are working the woods to their will. Forests are leased out and given on contract that so called â€Å" Conservation Policies † allow the authorities sections to make so. It has changed the position of the woods from Vital Component of Nature to mere â€Å" Revenue Generators † . Revenue coevals belongings of the lumber has outperformed the other of import maps and belongingss of the woods in Pakistan. Furthermore, though the measure limitations had been imposed on the wood remotion by the community, the province itself was involved in inordinate lumber reaping for the building of camps and railroads and province itself is involved in marginalising and coming into direct struggle with the local communities by striping locals of their due royalties and portion on forest resources. The general absence of political will has encouraged the runners and Mafia to spread out their illegal act ivities in the lumber trade. Local people, if given sufficient powers and province support, can efficaciously battle illegal logging, but a sense of ownership is critical. Better, safe and sustainable direction of forest resources can besides be achieved by beef uping of the administrative and protective capablenesss of Provincial Forest Department and by supplying weaponries, wireless sets and operational vehicles and besides by apportioning magisterial powers on Forest Officers to take prompt awareness of forest offenses.